# Laws of Software EngineeringRef: Laws of Software Engineering
A collection of principles and patterns that shape software systems, teams, and decisions.
一套用于指导软件系统、团队运作及决策制定的原则与模式。
## Conway's Law 康威定律
Organizations design systems that mirror their own communication structure.
各机构设计的系统都反映了其自身的沟通结构。
## Premature Optimization (Knuth's Optimization Principle) 过早优化（克努特优化原则）
Premature optimization is the root of all evil.
过早优化是一切问题的根源。
## Hyrum's Law 海勒姆定律
With a sufficient number of API users, all observable behaviors of your system will be depended on by somebody.
只要有足够数量的 API 用户，你系统的所有可观察行为都会被某些人所利用/依赖。
## The Boy Scout Rule 童子军守则
Leave the code better than you found it.
把代码留得比你接手时更好吧。
## YAGNI (You Aren't Gonna Need It) YAGNI（你不需要它）
Don't add functionality until it is necessary.
除非确实有必要，否则不要添加任何功能。
## Brooks's Law 布鲁克斯定律
Adding manpower to a late software project makes it later.
在软件项目已经延迟的情况下再增加人力，只会让项目更加延期。
## Gall's Law 加尔定律
A complex system that works is invariably found to have evolved from a simple system that worked.
一个能够正常运行的复杂系统，必定是从一个能够正常运行的简单系统演变而来的。
## The Law of Leaky Abstractions 有漏洞的抽象层法则
All non-trivial abstractions, to some degree, are leaky.
所有非平凡的抽象机制，在某种程度上都存在“漏洞”。
## Tesler's Law (Conservation of Complexity) 泰斯勒定律（复杂性守恒定律）
Every application has an inherent amount of irreducible complexity that can only be shifted, not eliminated.
每个系统都存在一定程度的“不可简化复杂性”：这种复杂性只能被调整，而无法被彻底消除。
## CAP Theorem CAP 定理
A distributed system can guarantee only two of: consistency, availability, and partition tolerance.
分布式系统最多只能同时保证一致性、可用性和分区容错性中的两项。
## Second-System Effect 第二系统效应
Small, successful systems tend to be followed by overengineered, bloated replacements.
那些小型且成功的系统，往往会被设计过于复杂、结构臃肿的替代品所取代。
## Fallacies of Distributed Computing 分布式计算的谬误
A set of eight false assumptions that new distributed system designers often make.
新分布式系统设计者常会犯的八种错误假设。
## Law of Unintended Consequences
意外后果法则
Whenever you change a complex system, expect surprise.
每当你试图改变一个复杂的系统时，都得做好遇到意外情况的准备。
## Zawinski's Law 扎温斯基定律
Every program attempts to expand until it can read mail.
每个程序都会不断尝试扩展功能，直到能够读取邮件为止。
## Dunbar's Number 邓巴数
There is a cognitive limit of about 150 stable relationships one person can maintain.
一个人能够维持的稳定人际关系数量大约有一个上限，约为 150 个。
## The Ringelmann Effect 林格尔曼效应
Individual productivity decreases as group size increases.
随着团队规模的扩大，个人的生产效率会下降。
## Price's Law 普赖斯定律
The square root of the total number of participants does 50% of the work.
参与总人数的平方根所对应的人数，完成了 50%的工作量。
## Putt's Law 普特定律
Those who understand technology don't manage it, and those who manage it don't understand it.
那些懂技术的人不会去管理技术，而那些管理技术的人则不懂技术。
## Peter Principle 彼得原理
In a hierarchy, every employee tends to rise to their level of incompetence.
在等级制度中，每个员工往往都会停留在与其能力水平相称的职位上。
## Bus Factor 巴士因素
The minimum number of team members whose loss would put the project in serious trouble.
那些一旦离职就会使项目陷入严重困境的团队成员的最少人数。
## Dilbert Principle 迪尔伯特法则
Companies tend to promote incompetent employees to management to limit the damage they can do.
企业往往会把能力不足的员工提拔到管理岗位，以此来限制他们可能造成的损害。
## Parkinson's Law 帕金森定律
Work expands to fill the time available for its completion.
工作会自行扩展，以填满完成它所需的时间。
## The Ninety-Ninety Rule 九九法则
The first 90% of the code accounts for the first 90% of development time; the remaining 10% accounts for the other 90%.
代码中前 90%的部分占据了开发过程中前 90%的时间；剩下的 10%的代码则占据了剩余的 90%的开发时间。
## Hofstadter's Law 霍夫斯塔特定律
It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law.
无论是否考虑到霍夫斯塔特定律，事情发展的时间总是比预期的要长。
## Goodhart's Law 古德哈特定律
When a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure.
当一项衡量标准变成了目标本身时，它就不再是一项有效的衡量标准了。
## Gilb's Law 吉尔布定律
Anything you need to quantify can be measured in some way better than not measuring it.
任何需要被量化的东西，其测量结果总比不测量要好。
## Murphy's Law / Sod's Law 墨菲定律/糟糕透顶的定律
Anything that can go wrong will go wrong.
凡是可能出错的事情，都一定会出错。
## Postel's Law 波斯特尔定律
Be conservative in what you do, be liberal in what you accept from others.
做事要保守，接受他人给予的东西则要大方。
## Broken Windows Theory “破窗理论”
Don't leave broken windows (bad designs, wrong decisions, or poor code) unrepaired.
不要让那些有缺陷的“窗户”继续存在下去——无论是由于糟糕的设计、错误的决策，还是低劣的代码所导致的缺陷。
## Technical Debt 技术债务
Technical Debt is everything that slows us down when developing software.
技术债务，指在软件开发过程中，一切会阻碍我们前进的因素。
## Linus's Law 林纳斯定律
Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow.
只要人多眼杂，所有的漏洞都显而易见。
## Kernighan's Law 克尼汉定律
Debugging is twice as hard as writing the code in the first place.
调试的难度是编写代码时的两倍。
## Testing Pyramid 测试金字塔
A project should have many fast unit tests, fewer integration tests, and only a small number of UI tests.
一个项目应该包含大量的单元测试、较少的集成测试，以及极少量的用户界面测试。
## Pesticide Paradox 农药悖论
Repeatedly running the same tests becomes less effective over time.
反复进行相同的测试，其效果会随着时间的推移而逐渐降低。
## Lehman's Laws of Software Evolution 雷曼的软件演化定律
Software that reflects the real world must evolve, and that evolution has predictable limits.
反映现实世界的软件必然会不断发展演变，而这种演变也有一定的限度。
## Sturgeon's Law 斯特金定律
90% of everything is crap.
90%的东西都是垃圾。
## Amdahl's Law 阿姆达尔定律
The speedup from parallelization is limited by the fraction of work that cannot be parallelized.
并行化带来的加速效果，受到那些无法被并行处理的工作量的限制。
## Gustafson's Law 古斯塔夫森定律
It is possible to achieve significant speedup in parallel processing by increasing the problem size.
通过增加问题的规模，可以在并行处理中显著提升处理速度。
## Metcalfe's Law 梅特卡夫定律
The value of a network is proportional to the square of the number of users.
网络的价值与用户数量的平方成正比。
## DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself) DRY 原则（不要重复自己）
Every piece of knowledge must have a single, unambiguous, authoritative representation.
每一条知识都必须有唯一、明确、权威的表述方式。
## KISS (Keep It Simple, Stupid) KISS 原则（简单点，别搞复杂了）
Designs and systems should be as simple as possible.
设计和系统应尽可能简单。
## SOLID Principles SOLID 原则
Five main guidelines that enhance software design, making code more maintainable and scalable.
五条提升软件设计质量的核心准则，有助于让代码更易于维护和扩展。
## Law of Demeter 得墨忒耳法则
An object should only interact with its immediate friends, not strangers.
一个对象应该只与其直接相关的“伙伴”进行交互，而不应与“陌生人”发生交互。
## Principle of Least Astonishment
最小惊讶原则
Software and interfaces should behave in a way that least surprises users and other developers.
软件和界面的设计应尽可能减少给用户和其他开发者带来的意外。
## Dunning-Kruger Effect 邓宁-克鲁格效应
The less you know about something, the more confident you tend to be.
你对某件事了解得越少，往往就越自信。
## Hanlon's Razor 汉隆剃刀原理
Never attribute to malice that which is adequately explained by stupidity or carelessness.
对于那些可以用愚蠢或粗心来解释的事情，千万不要归咎于恶意。
## Occam's Razor 奥卡姆剃刀原理
The simplest explanation is often the most accurate one.
最简单的解释往往也是最准确的解释。
## Sunk Cost Fallacy 沉没成本谬误
Sticking with a choice because you've invested time or energy in it, even when walking away helps you.
因为已经在某件事上投入了时间和精力，所以才坚持下去，即使放弃反而会对自己更有利。
## The Map Is Not the Territory 地图并非现实领土的写照
Our representations of reality are not the same as reality itself.
我们对现实的描述与现实本身并不相同。
## Confirmation Bias 确认偏误
A tendency to favor information that supports our existing beliefs or ideas.
倾向于选择那些能支持我们现有信念或观点的信息。
## The Hype Cycle & Amara's Law 炒作周期与阿玛拉定律
We tend to overestimate the effect of a technology in the short run and underestimate the impact in the long run.
我们往往高估了某种技术在短期内的效果，而低估了其长期影响。
## The Lindy Effect 林迪效应
The longer something has been in use, the more likely it is to continue being used.
某样东西被使用的时间越长，它被继续使用的可能性就越大。
## First Principles Thinking 第一性原理思维
Breaking a complex problem into its most basic blocks and then building up from there.
将复杂问题拆解为最基本的组成部分，然后再逐步构建起来。
## Inversion 反转/倒置
Solving a problem by considering the opposite outcome and working backward from it.
通过考虑相反的结果，然后从反方向着手来解决问题。
## Pareto Principle (80/20 Rule) 帕累托原则（80/20 法则）
80% of the problems result from 20% of the causes.
80%的问题源于 20%的原因。
## Cunningham's Law 坎宁安定律
The best way to get the correct answer on the Internet is not to ask a question, it's to post the wrong answer.
在互联网上得到正确答案的最好方法，不是去提问，而是发布错误的答案。